国外气候变化与人口迁移研究

 通过对国外学术界关于气候变化与人口迁移的相关研究进行梳理发现，人口迁移不仅是气候变化应对机制，更是一系列国家背景、社会、政治和经济环境相互碰撞的复杂结果。针对气候变化问题，提出了各国应加强收集、共享与气候有关迁移的可靠数据，对移民相关政策制定应着力于改善目的地移民安置和生计问题。通过介绍气候变化和人口迁移方向现有国际研究趋势，展望了其未来的研究趋势。     

具有迁移效应和隔离措施的COVID-19传播模型分析

基于COVID-19传播过程中人口流动的必然性、无症状感染者的普遍性和隔离策略的有效性,该文提出了一类具有迁移效应、无症状感染者、自我防护意识和隔离策略的COVID-19传播动力学模型,利用下一代矩阵方法给出了各类子系统和全系统基本再生数的精确表达式.进一步地,通过采用线性近似理论,构造Lyapunov函数、比较原理等方法,得到了无病平衡点的全局渐近稳定性以及疾病的持久性.最后,数值模拟解释了主要的理论结果以及人口的迁移和隔离对疾病传播的影响.     

Comparative genetic differentiation study of three coexisting mangrove crabs in western Atlantic

ABSTRACT

A multispecies approach may reveal the factors influencing the genetic differentiation of coexisting species along a wide geographic area. Our aim was to compare the genetic differentiation of mangrove crabs coexisting along the western Atlantic in order to verify if there are common barriers, using two mitochondrial DNA markers to quantify genetic differentiation, variance and diversity. In addition, we included a mismatch distribution to check demographic history. Our data revealed that species with similar pelagic larval duration had either high genetic differentiation or the absence of genetic structure. These results can be explained by factors that contribute to genetic differentiation, such as the presence of large estuarine areas (acting as barriers), ocean currents, and larval behaviour. Also, historical events that promoted the isolation of some areas in the past, such as glacial cycles during the Pleistocene, could have caused the observed high levels of genetic divergence in some species.     

武汉地区4种生境蝇类多样性及种群动态分析

2006年1月至2016年12月,在武汉地区4种生境共捕获蝇类4科7属11种15 603只,家蝇和丝光绿蝇为优势种.武汉地区蝇类全年活动,总密度季节消长趋势呈双峰型,第一个高峰出现在5月,第二个高峰出现在9月;蝇类活跃期较长,4—11月密度均较高,不同年份蝇类密度高峰期不同.蝇密度年际消长整体呈下降趋势,仅2010年密度反弹至14.5只/笼.绿化带蝇类丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均最高,居民区次之,餐饮外环境和农贸市场最低.4种生境蝇类群落相似性指数在0.87～1.00之间,均为极相似.基于欧式距离的系统聚类和物种非度量多维标度排序分析显示,2006—2008年和2010年为一组,2011—2016年为一组,相互之间距离较近.这些结果说明,4种生境蝇类多样性与气候和人为干扰因素有密切关系.     

Non-invasive genetic study and population monitoring of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) (Mammalia: Ursidae) in Kastoria region – Greece

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Greece is considered endangered but little is known about the genetic status and the exact size of local populations. Non-invasive genetic sampling was used in this study to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the brown bear population in the Kastoria region (northwest Macedonia, Greece) and to estimate its population size. Estimation of demographic parameters was based on innovative, well-evaluated methods that can provide estimates from a single sampling session. DNA was extracted from hairs, scat and blood samples and subsequent amplification of 10 microsatellite loci allowed the identification of a minimum number of 75 living bears in the study area while the mark–recapture-based analysis resulted in a point estimation of 219 individuals. Relatively high diversity values, lack of heterozygosity deficiency as well as estimated effective population size, support the Kastoria bear population having good conservation status.     

太原市老年体育人口体质评价与分析

对2014年全国第四次国民体质监测太原监测点老年人体质的测试,运用文献资料、数理统计、测量法等方法,得出结论:老年体协人群中优秀率和良好率分别高于非老年体协人群,不合格率低于非老年体协人群;与非老年体协人群相比在身体形态上无显著差异;老年体协的健身活动对提高老年女性人群的身体柔韧性(坐位体前屈)效果明显,对提高老年人肺活量、神经系统反应能力(选择反应时)和握力均有显著效果,对平衡能力和控制力(闭眼单脚站立)的提高效果不明显。     

Diet composition of an invasive population of Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) from Argentina

The American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus has been introduced around the world, with invasive populations reported from almost all South American countries. A population of this species was introduced in the Calingasta department of San Juan province, which is an arid environment in western Argentina. This work provides information on the dietary composition of an invasive population of L. catesbeianus, and compares the degree of dietary overlap between adults and juveniles. Stomach contents of 169 bullfrogs (82 adults and 87 juveniles) were analysed. Adults consumed 40 prey taxa and Hymenoptera (Insecta) was the most numerous prey item (41.8%), followed by Araneae (13.6%) and Aeglidae (13.4%). Juveniles consumed 29 prey taxa and Hymenoptera constituted the highest percentage in prey number (77.2%). The trophic overlap niche index at the same level shows a value of 0.64 overlap in dietary community between adults and juveniles of this bullfrog. Aeglidae was volumetrically the most important trophic item (25.4%), followed by Anura (25.02%). Our results showed that cannibalism in bullfrogs is more common than the consumption of native anurans, coinciding with that reported in other populations of introduced bullfrogs. The high similarity in the diets of both size classes and the association between the size of the predator and prey suggest that the impact caused by bullfrogs throughout their ontogeny is high and probably has an impact on their prey. Freshwater crabs are the main items in the diet of Lithobates catesbeianus in other introduced populations and are usually the most conspicuous at our study site. The crabs in freshwater ecosystems are part of the lowest trophic level in the food chain. The major threats to the southern region’s freshwater crabs include deforestation, farming and exotic species. Lithobates catesbeianus has a generalist diet and high overlap between adults and juveniles.     

依赖尺度结构的竞争种群的最优出生率控制

讨论了一个具有尺度结构的竞争种群模型。首先利用特征线法以及Banach不动点定理对系统解的存在惟一性予以证明,通过比较原理证明系统解对控制变量的连续依赖性;最后利用法锥的定义,证明最优控制存在的必要性。     

城市化背景下中国虚拟水流动空间变化特征及其驱动因素研究

为了解决日益增涨的水资源需求导致的缺水问题, 从投入产出视角进行合理的虚拟水调动已成为缓解地区水资源压力的新途径。基于1997 年与2010年区域间投入产出表以及水资源公报数据, 构建虚拟水多区域投入产出计算模型, 并细化用水产业, 计算得出区域间虚拟水相互交换关系与转移量。同时, 将区域虚拟水空间流动量与区域间人口迁移和产业转移特征进行关联分析, 结果表明, 研究时段的中国城市化进程中, 虚拟水主要由内陆地区向沿海地区输送, 且区域间人口迁移特征与虚拟水空间转移特征的关联性很强。人口流动带动消费品转移, 进而引起虚拟水流动, 产业空间转移通过生产要素的空间转移与聚集, 持续影响虚拟水的流动量和流动方向。因此, 基于中国城市化特征, 未来区域发展应考虑结合实体水调动以及虚拟水流动与人口迁移和产业转移的关联关系, 保证经济活动密集区域的水资源供给。     

基于聚类划分子种群的多种群遗传算法

标准遗传算法存在易于早熟,容易陷入局部最优的缺点,同时标准多种群遗传算法存在进化后期种群同质化严重的缺陷。针对这一问题,将聚类思想引入到多种群遗传算法的子种群划分中,提出了一种使用聚类方式划分子种群的多种群遗传算法,使得种群划分不再只是单纯的随机行为,而是将满足约束条件的个体根据其特征划分到不同子种群中,从而解决种群同质化问题,避免所有子种群陷入局部最优。最后,通过测试两个典型函数,验证了该算法的有效性,为多种群遗传算法提供了一种新的研究方向。